Free Essays on Alexander Hamiton

Alexander Hamilton was born on the island of Nevis in the Caribbean in 1758. Hamilton’s parents were James Hamilton and Rachel Lavien. His parents started a family but they never married. In 1765 James left the family with Rachel when they moved to the island of St. Croix. Rachel and the boys opened a small shop in the main town. Alexander’s first job was that of a trading post clerk for Cruger and Beckman. St. Croix’s main export then was sugar and slaves. At the age of seventeen Hamilton moved to the state of New York. Early on in Hamilton’s life from seeing the brutal ways of slavery gave him a strong opinion of opposing slavery. Hamilton’s education was attending King college and later Columbia while he was in New York. He never considered himself as a revolutionary but in 1775 he joined the New York militia. Alexander always thought that the colonies and Britain would find a way to bind together. Hamilton was a captain of the New Yo rk Artillery Company. After two years Commander-and-Chief George Washington made him a lieutenant colonel. This rank boosted Hamilton’s future in the career of politics. In 1787 Hamilton was a New York delegate to the constitutional convention. His philosophy rested in the true colonialist fashion. He believed in such ideas like seating the president for life, so that he would not be subject to the whims of the corrupt election process. The second major distinguishing feature of Hamilton’s political philosophy was the emphasis on energetic government. He believed that the government should be proactive in economic and military affairs, have the direct power the supersede lower governments (as at the state level), and be able to exercise authority directly on the people. Only a energetic government would be able to provide the stability and order necessary to secure the liberty of the people, especially over such a large area as the United States. Hamilton wrote a ... Free Essays on Alexander Hamiton Free Essays on Alexander Hamiton Alexander Hamilton was born on the island of Nevis in the Caribbean in 1758. Hamilton’s parents were James Hamilton and Rachel Lavien. His parents started a family but they never married. In 1765 James left the family with Rachel when they moved to the island of St. Croix. Rachel and the boys opened a small shop in the main town. Alexander’s first job was that of a trading post clerk for Cruger and Beckman. St. Croix’s main export then was sugar and slaves. At the age of seventeen Hamilton moved to the state of New York. Early on in Hamilton’s life from seeing the brutal ways of slavery gave him a strong opinion of opposing slavery. Hamilton’s education was attending King college and later Columbia while he was in New York. He never considered himself as a revolutionary but in 1775 he joined the New York militia. Alexander always thought that the colonies and Britain would find a way to bind together. Hamilton was a captain of the New Yo rk Artillery Company. After two years Commander-and-Chief George Washington made him a lieutenant colonel. This rank boosted Hamilton’s future in the career of politics. In 1787 Hamilton was a New York delegate to the constitutional convention. His philosophy rested in the true colonialist fashion. He believed in such ideas like seating the president for life, so that he would not be subject to the whims of the corrupt election process. The second major distinguishing feature of Hamilton’s political philosophy was the emphasis on energetic government. He believed that the government should be proactive in economic and military affairs, have the direct power the supersede lower governments (as at the state level), and be able to exercise authority directly on the people. Only a energetic government would be able to provide the stability and order necessary to secure the liberty of the people, especially over such a large area as the United States. Hamilton wrote a ...

Free PDF Library for Delphi Developers

Free PDF Library for Delphi Developers Are you developing a Delphi application with a task to do PDF document manipulations? Portable Document Format, PDF, is a file format created by Adobe for document exchange. While there are many (commercial) Delphi libraries designed to help you create PDF and/or manipulate PDF documents, if you only need to load an existing PDF document, get the information from it (number of pages, security, is it linearized) and even write some information to it (set page size, add text, add graphics), you might want to take a look at the Quick PDF Library Lite version. Quick PDF Library Lite offers a subset of the functionality found in Quick PDF Library - a royalty-free PDF developer SDK. Whats more: Quick PDF Library Lite is available as an ActiveX component and works with C, C, C#, Delphi, PHP, Visual Basic, VB.NET, ASP, PowerBASIC, Pascal or any other language that supports ActiveX. Heres a short list of the supported functions in Quick PDF Library Lite (names would give you the clue of the actual usage): AddImageFromFile, AddLinkToWeb, AddStandardFont, DocumentCount, DrawImage, DrawText, FindImages, GetInformation, HasFontResources, ImageCount, ImageHeight, ImageWidth, Linearized, LoadFromFile, NewDocument, NewPage, PageCount, PageHeight, PageRotation, PageWidth, RemoveDocument, SaveToFile, SecurityInfo, SelectDocument, SelectedDocument, SelectFont, SelectImage, SelectPage, SetInformation, SetOrigin, SetPageSize, SetPageDimensions, SetTextAlign, SetTextColor, SetTextSize. Note: the Lite version of Quick PDF Library comes as an ActiveX component. You need to register the ActiveX library with Windows, using the following command:regsvr32 \QuickPDFLite0719.dll Next, heres a simple usage example: uses ComObj;procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject);var QP: Variant;begin QP : CreateOleObject(QuickPDFLite0719.PDFLibrary); QP.DrawText(100, 500, Hello World!); QP.SaveToFile(c:\test.pdf); QP : Unassigned;end;

Hybrid Power System Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Hybrid Power System - Coursework Example The paper tells that the power system of choice which best suits this project is â€Å"Hybrid Power System†. This system employs combination of Off grid renewable energy technologies among which we are going to use a combination of Solar, Wind, Hydropower and for an emergency back up a gasoline/diesel generator is also provided. Hybrid power system is selected due to two reasons, firstly because it can be established off-grid to satisfy small demand of electricity and long distribution infrastructure can be avoided. Secondly as we are aware that none of the available sources of energy ie Solar,Wind or Hydropower are available continuously and change due to sunshine, high and low flow of wind and water, hence they cannot meet the base demand of the facility and have to be used intermittently. On a macro scale the Hybird system work in three phases, production, Power electronics and Consumption. The production is done by the Renewable Energy system, stored by batteries and in ca se of backup by generator. Then the Power Electronics regulates the supply and transmission of the power to the appliances where the load is required. To meet the base demand of 100KVa at a power factor of 1, thus energy requirement of 100KW we will include a system setup which will include three complete 20 kW solar panels. The photovoltaic systems that are available in the market are of 20kW, 50 kW and 100 kW and thus it has been concluded that three 20 KW panels are used. In case of failure of one, the system does not collapse completely. The next component in the Hybrid system’s energy input is the wind turbines. ... For which it is suggested that Volute axial flow water turbine generator is employed and several similar assemblies of this turbine is used for the production. It is calculated, that with Volute axial flow water turbine generator, a head of about 2 meters and flow of 85 liters/sec a power of about 1 KW can be generated. Where as in our case the flow of 1800 to 2500 liters/sec several similar assemblies can be installed.It can be concluded that about 25 KW energy can be generated by Hydropower. The picture, details, specifications and references of Volute axial flow water turbine generator are given in Appendix 3. Lastly the question arises that how is this whole system going to work as one and deliver the requirements. To explain the whole working of the Hybrid System the following flow diagram is presented which shows how the required AC current and load is produced and transmitted in the system. The figure shows how the AC main bus line is used to produce, store and then transmit t he load. This is the complete power system under consideration. 2. Explain the scientific principles involved in your choice of power system. The scientific principles involved in the individual power system are as follows. Solar Power System The solar energy depends on two things, firstly the solar radiance and secondly the nature of the PV cell materials. The PV cells have two types of materials p-type silicon and n-type silicon. When the light strikes the cell surface, it transmit energy and ionize the atoms in the silicon material, due to this there is development of internal fields and then a junction separates the positive and negative charges in the PV cell. The positive charges go into the P-Layer and the negative

Emergence of Capitalism in Western Europe Essay

Emergence of Capitalism in Western Europe - Essay Example ationship amongst the various processes of production, distribution, consumption and exchange, it was, nevertheless unable to visualize the importance of creating facilitating environment of growth through incentives to farmers. The farmers were therefore forced to produce not for profit but for sustenance. Another key factor that contributed to the decline of feudalism was its tendency to encourage population growth for both the peasants and the feudal lords (Dobb, 1963). The large peasant family helped in farming but it led to defragmentation of land holding and lower production in the long run. The enlarged family of local rulers strengthened their political power as the family members were absorbed in the military. This again put pressure on the farmers as surplus was used to support growing number of military. The enlarged family of rulers also witnessed reduced power as land was divided amongst larger number of inheritors. In order to strengthen the position of feudal lords, th e major states of Western Europe like Germany, France, Italy, Portugal etc. raised taxes and appropriation on surplus that led to the widespread revolt of the peasant (Maddison, 2007). The revolt of peasants was joined by the proletarian class which significantly helped in the fall of feudal system in Western Europe. All these factors became key issues for the decline for feudal system in Western Europe. 3. Emergence of Capitalism in Western Europe in 17th to 19th century One of the most important factors that had emerged from the fall of feudalism was the development of bartering economy and expansion of trade over larger geographical areas (Ingram, 2008). The money was minted and used for payments in various economic activities like sale and purchase/ lease/ rent of land, goods and... The enlarged family of local rulers strengthened their political power as the family members were absorbed in the military. This again put pressure on the farmers as surplus was used to support growing number of military. The enlarged family of rulers also witnessed reduced power as land was divided amongst larger number of inheritors. In order to strengthen the position of feudal lords, the major states of Western Europe like Germany, France, Italy, Portugal etc. raised taxes and appropriation on surplus that led to the widespread revolt of the peasant (Maddison, 2007). The revolt of peasants was joined by the proletarian class which significantly helped in the fall of feudal system in Western Europe. All these factors became key issues for the decline for feudal system in Western Europe.3.   Emergence of Capitalism in Western Europe in 17th to 19th century  One of the most important factors that had emerged from the fall of feudalism was the development of bartering economy and expansion of trade over larger geographical areas (Ingram, 2008). The money was minted and used for payments in various economic activities like sale and purchase/ lease/ rent of land, goods and services. The peasants and farm workers were more motivated because of wage based labour. Most importantly, the payment system in standardized form of money made it easy to switch the occupation, the feudal soldiers and serfs could now be replaced with paid soldiers and peasants boasting greater skills. It helped to highlight the importance of labour.

The Saga of Erik the Red Essay Example for Free

The Saga of Erik the Red Essay The real name of Eric the Red was â€Å"Eirikr Thorvaldsson† (Chuck Ayoub, 2004). He was a Viking and Norse chieftain born in Jaeder district of south-west Norway (Ingrid Shumway, 2005) in 950 AD (Tiffany Kaylor, 1976). His father name was Thorvald Asvaldsson (Duncan Thompson, 2006). Eric is given the name of Eric the Red because he had red beard, red hairs (Jan Furst, 2004) and florid complexion (Chuck Ayoub, 2004). His father was exiled from Norway in 960 AD because he murdered a person there (Ingrid Shumway, 2005). The family moved to Iceland and settled in a Norse colony on the coast of Iceland (Jan Furst, 2004). After some years his father dead and Eric married a woman Thorhild (Duncan Thompson, 2006). After some years Eric the Red was exiled for three years from the country because he got involved in the murder of some people (Tiffany Kaylor, 1976). He then decided to explore the land which was at a distance of about 500 miles west of Iceland (Jan Furst, 2004). Eric heard about the land from different people. Later on Eric gave this land a name that was Greenland (Tiffany Kaylor, 1976). It is believed that Gunnjborn Ulf-Krakuson (Tiffany Kaylor, 1976) was the first person who reached Greenland when he was accidentally pushed by the harsh winds towards the land (Ingrid Shumway, 2005). Eric made his voyage towards the land in 982 (Jan Furst, 2004) and spent three years in exploring different parts and coasts of the land (Chuck Ayoub, 2004). He established the first Nordic settlement in Greenland (Jan Furst, 2004) and he is called the founder of Greenland (Tiffany Kaylor, 1976). After three years of banishment he returned to Iceland (Jan Furst, 2004) and told people about new land and gave it a name of Greenland to attract people towards it (Jeff McIntire-Strasburg, 2007). He then made another journey with a group of people towards Greenland in 985. These people were settled in Greenland and established their colonies there. The land grew prosper and soon there were 3000 people living there (Ingrid Shumway, 2005). Eric was also one of the early Viking explorers of North America (Tiffany Kaylor, 1976). He was willing to explore more lands along with his children however he was injured after falling from horse (Jan Furst, 2004) and didn’t managed to go with them. He lived in his farm in the Greenland till his death in 1003 (Chuck Ayoub, 2004). Eric Exiled from Iceland Eric came to Iceland as a child as his father was exiled from Norway when he murdered a person there (Tiffany Kaylor, 1976). Eric the Red was settled down in Iceland along with his family. He got married with Thorhild (Tiffany Kaylor, 1976) who was the daughter of Jorund Atlisson (Ingrid Shumway, 2005). He received some land at Eriksstadir in Haukadale from Jorund Atlisson as a dowry (Ingrid Shumway, 2005). He built his farm on the land (Jan Furst, 2004). He didn’t get any lesson from the mistake of his father and in 982 following the footprints of his father, Eric also murdered some people. Thorgest was the neighbor of Eric who borrowed few wooden bench boards from him (Chuck Ayoub, 2004). Thorgest refused to return the bench boards and Eric went to his home enquiring about them and tried to steal them. They started fighting and eventually Eric murdered two sons of Thorgest (Ingrid Shumway, 2005). Some historians have also stated that the wooden bench marks were not the matter of dispute among them but there were some â€Å"diasposts† (UXL Newsmakers, 2005) that Eric leave with Thorgest for some time and when Eric ask to give them back, Thorgest refused. These diasposts were symbols of Vikings authority and possess great religious significance for Eric that why he was much concerned about getting them back from Thorgest. The second incident was the murder of Valthjof (Tiffany Kaylor, 1976). Some slaves of Eric started landslides on the farm of Valthjof, in return he murdered the slaves as punishment. Eric took the revenge of his slaves’ deaths (Duncan Thompson, 2006) and killed Valthjof (Ingrid Shumway, 2005). These murders became the basis for the Eric banishment from the Iceland. Thorgest went to the court and complained about the murder of his sons (Ingrid Shumway, 2005). Eric was found offender and the judge Thorness Thing (Chuck Ayoub, 2004) exiled him from Norway and Iceland. He then decided to explore the land which was about 500 miles west from Iceland. The Voyage towards Greenland After exiled from Iceland and Norway, Eric had no other way to go and live. He decided to explore a new land which was situated at the western side of Iceland at a distance of about 500 miles. It could be seen from the peaks of the mountains standing in the western island (Ingrid Shumway, 2005). Eric has also heard about the land from different people. The land was already explored accidentally by Gunnjborn Ulf-Krakuson (Tiffany Kaylor, 1976) who was pushed towards the land by the harsh winds. After him another sailor Sn? bjorn Galti reached the land. Galti was the first Norseman who attempted to establish a colony in Greenland however he failed to do so after facing severe disasters (Chuck Ayoub, 2004). Finally Eric decided to explore the land. He arranges a boat called â€Å"Knorrs† (Duncan Thompson, 2006) that could be helpful throughout his journey. The Vikings used to travel in long boats (Tiffany Kaylor, 1976) and Eric also selected a 100 foots long boat for him and started his voyage. Exploring Greenland The journey was very tough however they managed to reach the southern part of the island. He then moved towards the west coast and settle in that part of the island Ingrid Shumway, 2005). When he reached the land, he found it bit warmer then Iceland. He saw that there were fertile meadowlands that could be best place for farming and keeping the animals. There were many wild animals present in the island but there were no signs of human life (Jan Furst, 2004). Eric decided to establish a colony in the land. Eric the Red passed three years of banishment in the island. He kept on exploring different parts of Island during these three years. He spend his first winter in Eiriksey, the second winter he moved towards Eiriksholmar and in the third summer he explored the northern part of the island and stayed at Snaefell and Hrafnsfjord (Chuck Ayoub, 2004). Back to Iceland After spending three years of exile, Eric returned to Iceland (Ingrid Shumway, 2005) where he told people stories of the new land that he discovered during the last three years. He gave name of â€Å"Greenland† to the island in order to attract the people towards it (Tiffany Kaylor, 1976). Iceland was getting over populated and people were looking for some place where they could have more land for farming and houses (Chuck Ayoub, 2004). The Eric’s portrayal of Greenland attracts many people and they took it as a great opportunity to move towards a land that seems more fertile and favorable for them Ingrid Shumway, 2005). Many Icelanders showed their intentions for traveling towards the new island Greenland. Second Voyage towards Greenland Eric spent a winter in the Iceland and then in 985 (Duncan Thompson, 2006) finally he began his second trip to the Greenland. At this time many people were following him (Ingrid Shumway, 2005). They prepare themselves for the tough journey. People keep their gears and livestock with them in the long boats and then they started their voyage on 25 boats Ingrid Shumway, 2005). The journey was very tough and just 14 boats out of 25 succeeded to reach the destination safely along with their livestock and other luggage. Out of the rest 11 boats some were destroyed in the sea and some people also go back when they find it difficult to reach the new island. Among the 350 survivors (Duncan Thompson, 2006) some became sick and some got injuries also. However the team reached the island and became the first European group to reach this destination (Tiffany Kaylor, 1976). Settlement in Greenland These people started their lives in Greenland. In the beginning there were two colonies established on the west coast of the island. One was eastern settlement and another was western settlement. Eric gave new colonies the names of Eystribygg? nd Vestribygg? respectively (Chuck Ayoub, 2004). Both of these two colonies were established in western coast of the island because only that land was suitable for farming (Duncan Thompson, 2006). The other parts were not fertile and suitable for farming or livelihood. Very soon Middle settlement was also established. Eric choose suitable place for his home and farm and start lining at their like lords along with his family. Eric was also given the title of â€Å"paramount chieftain of Greenland† (Chuck Ayoub, 2004). Eric the Red not only got lot of respect from the people but also become wealthy. He lived with his wife and four children. He had three sons Leif, Thorvald, and Thorstein and a daughter named Freydis (Duncan Thompson, 2006). Eric belonged to pagan religion (Tiffany Kaylor, 1976). His con Leif become a follower of Christianity and spread the religion among the people settles in Greenland (Ingrid Shumway, 2005). He was considered as the person who brings Christianity in Greenland. The wife of Erik also turned to Christianity and she was the one who build this first Christian church of the America along with his son Leif on their farm (Chuck Ayoub, 2004). Why â€Å"Greenland†? When Eric the Red came back Iceland and told people about the new land that he explored he gave the land a name â€Å"Greenland† because he want to attract people towards the new land. He made the new island appealing for the people of Iceland who were suffering from overpopulation and food shortage (Ingrid Shumway, 2005). Eric the Red believed that name of a land could have great impact on the mind of people that’s why he selected a name that express the quality of island and make people to think about it. He explained his logic that â€Å"people would be attracted to go there if it had a favorable name (Chuck Ayoub, 2004). There were many reasons behind his thought of attracting people towards Greenland. Eric was exiled from Iceland after committing murders of some people so he doesn’t have good reputation among the Icelanders. Eric want to restore his good will that’s why he talk about new land and show sympathy for the people who were facing difficulties in surviving in Iceland (Duncan Thompson, 2006). He was also aware of the fact that in order to make a successful settlement in Greenland it is necessary that he should have cooperation of many people. That’s why he attracted and encouraged people so that they join him in his second voyage. Eric possessed good qualities of salesmanship and he utilized these skills very (Chuck Ayoub, 2004). He made people to decide for migration and many people were among him in his second voyage (Ingrid Shumway, 2005). Eric show people wrong picture of the new island so that they went with him. While living in Greenland, Eric choose that best part of land for himself and made his house in the eastern settlement which was the most fertile and green part of the island. (Jeff McIntire-Strasburg, 2007). He did all that just because he wanted more people to move towards Greenland. Iceland was already overpopulated. Eric the Red had already realized that it would be difficult for him to have more land area for farming and living in Iceland whereas in Greenland there was a great opportunity for him to build his home and farm at place of his own choice. When Eric the Red and his followers reached and settled in Greenland, Eric also decided to live there and he spend the rest of his life staying at the same island. He was also dead at the same place that he gave a name â€Å"Greenland† (Duncan Thompson, 2006). Was Greenland really Green? Greenland was actually not a lush green land even in those days (Jeff McIntire-Strasburg, 2007). There were some areas that were suitable for the farming and inhabitation but over the entire island possessed harsh climate. The reality was different from what Eric showed the people. In reality Greenland is icier then Iceland and Iceland is more green then the Greenland (Tan Wee Cheng, 2001). Most of the area of Greenland is covered with ice and there is not much greenery and fertility in the land. The island remained blocked due to ice in many months of the year and activities of people are also badly suffered during these months. From July to September people restored their activities and make arrangements for their survival through out the year (Tan Wee Cheng, 2001). The act of Eric to insist people towards Greenland by portraying a wrong picture in front of them is considered by some people as a â€Å"greatest fraud in the history of the world property† (Tan Wee Cheng, 2001). Because many people leave Iceland and go with him towards Greenland by imagining greenery of Greenland but in real there was a â€Å"desolate coldness and hostile environment† in the island (Tan Wee Cheng, 2001). Though the colony grew but the people soon died due to unfavorable climatic conditions. Difficulties of the Settlers The livelihood was not very charming at Greenland (Ingrid Shumway, 2005) especially in winters traveling and hunting became very difficult. However in the season of summer the traveling and farming conditions of the land became much better and favorable to the colonists. Each of the settlement form a group of people who went to the bays of the island and hunt there for food and other essential living commodities like ropes beached whales and tusks etc (Chuck Ayoub, 2004). Eric and his fellow settlers of the Greenland faced several problems in the island. First of all they have to maintain a balance between population level and food supply otherwise there would always a chance of food shortage. They managed to get enough food that they hardly keep their bodies and soul together (Chuck Ayoub, 2004). Many historians believe that the settlers were facing certain problems while living at new place because they failed to blend themselves in the new surroundings. They were familiar to a different life style but in the new place the situation demanded something else. Many of them could not change themselves according to the requirement of the situation and faced many difficulties in their lives. Many people missed their fellows and relatives who were left in the Iceland and they feel depressed and lonely without them (Chuck Ayoub, 2004). They faced many problems but succeeded to establish a colony in Greenland that properly grew with time and the colony became â€Å"one of the great stepping stones in Norse expansion and exploration† (Chuck Ayoub, 2004).

Photograph of the Demolition of the Crystal Palace, 1936 Essay

Photograph of the Demolition of the Crystal Palace, 1936 The Crystal Palace designed by Joseph Paxton stood for eighty-five years. It succumbed to fire "at six o'clock on the evening of 30th November 1936" (Beaver, 141). A fire was discovered in the staff lavatory, and within minutes the whole structure was ablaze. The spectacular building was engulfed in fire as it dissolved into just a skeleton of its former structure. Paxton used innovative methods of construction on the Crystal Palace, greatly influenced by the bridge and train shed construction of the day. With the introduction of iron elements, architects could be more creative, and more "modern" with their designs, straying from classical precedents. Paxton, with engineers Fox and Henderson, "created what amounted to a giant greenhouse, which was fabricated of little more then panes of glass and iron-and-wood framework" (Hyman & Trachtenberg, 482). It was predicted that the building would require a staggering amount of new materials: "900,000 square feet of glass," "3,300 iron columns; 2,224 girders; and 205 miles of sashbars" (Hobhouse, 39). The use of standardized, prefabricated materials helped to revolutionize architectural methods, prompting other designers to follow Paxton's lead. The Galerie des Machines and the Eiffel Tower built for the Paris 1889 Fair both implemented the light, airy method of iron construction. The grand exhibition building was constructed out of prefabricated elements that were easily erected and could be disassembled when the exhibition was over. The Crystal Palace was first built in Hyde Park, the site of the Great Exhibition of 1851, where it stood for one year. After the fair, it was decided that the building would be taken down and... ...ew of the sculptures added by Paxton and Cole to decorate the park (Beaver, 146). Thanks to personal photographs and private collections such as that of the University of Maryland we are able to get a glimpse of an architectural and social icon. Works Cited Beaver, Patrick. The Crystal Palace, 1851-1936: a portrait of Victorian enterprise. London, Hugh Evelyn Ltd., 1970. Cowper, Charles. The building erected in Hyde Park for the Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations, 1851. London: Victoria and Albert Museum. 1972. Hobhouse, Christopher. 1851 and the Crystal Palace; being an account of the Great Exhibition and its contents; of Sir Joseph Paxton; and the erection, the subsequent history and the destruction of his masterpiece. London, Murray, 1950. Hyman, Isabelle; Trachtenberg, Marvin. Architecture. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, Inc. 1986.

Bim Revolutionise Qs Profession

1) Introduction 2) Building Information Modelling (BIM), how it may revolutionise the QS profession 3) The Differences Between CAD and BIM 4) Highlight and discuss the future strategic skills of QS due to the advent of BIM and such like 5) References Introduction Nowadays, the advent of information technology era has ushered in Building Information Modelling (BIM). ? It is an innovative new approach to building design, construction and management which has been introduced by AUTODESK (2002). ? BIM have an impact on most areas of business management and operation. It changed the way industry professionals worldwide think about how technology can be applied to building design, construction and management. ? It will revolutionise methods of working and redefine the relationships between construction professionals. ? It will challenge current thinking on contracts and most importantly, it will support the integration of the design and construction teams. ? BIM supports the continuous and immediate availability of project design scope, schedule and cost information that is high quality, reliable, integrated and fully coordinated. BIM provide a visual aspect of the design, hence simplifying the work on the construction site. Thus, Building Information Modelling (BIM) may be considered as the current state of art in CAD developments. ? Advances in drawing technology which is Computer Aided Drawing (CAD) make the researchers and practitioners working hard to exploit CAD data in order to generate Bills of Quantities. ? Currently it is being implemented by a significant number of architectural and engineering practices, and has the potential to revolutionise the quantity surveying profession. An effective definition of BIM is provided by Schwegler, he process of creating an information database for a project in which lifecycle information is expressed in an interoperable manner to create, engineer, estimate, illustrate and construct a construction project. †¢ In this system, the design data will be kept in digital form which will make it easier to update-better coordination and it will be more valuable to the industry professionals. †¢ Apart from that, creating real-time, consistent relationship between digital design data with innovative parametric building modelling technology Can save significant amount of time, money and increase the project productivity and quality The Differences between CAD and BIM Building Information Modelling (BIM), how it may revolutionise the QS profession Due to the auto-measurement created by BIM we are able to inform the design as it develops with the knowledge of quantity and cost, not just measure and cost the design, which is often too late. Apart from that it will also facilitate the preparation of accurate estimates. |The process of taking the existing design information at design development stages and modelling it in 3D are used in terms of the | |identification and as an aid to eliminate clashes and co-ordination errors. |Once we developed the 3D modelling and process it to dynamically populate Bills of Quantities and specification from models. | |The BIM services became in demand by being able to compete on cost with traditional methods but able to respond faster and benefits of | |the core process of modelling to provide a visual record of what has been measured where. | Therefore the quantity surveyor does not have to do estimates and measurement for the project. Thus, the quantity surveyor does not have to do Bills of Quantities and specification for the project. Using BIM is like we use the best available technology to do things faster and better, and eliminate waste and repeated work. In order to avoid the inefficiencies we need to normalise data, enter information once and reuse it many times, turning data into an asset in which it could be as simple as entering the name and address of a supplier once at the inception stage of a project. When we enter the supplier’s information, automatically current price of the item will be inserted in the digital data information. The core process of 3D modelling for measurement produces model that can be divided for many other purposes at marginal cost. For instance ? clash detection, ? construction sequences ? printing physical models ? presentation and visualisation, ? speeding up the process of understanding information about the project ? communicating it to those who are not so adept at reading drawings Apart from that, the mode of communication between the construction professionals also changed due to introduction of BIM in the construction industry. This is because, the building product model is used as a tool to communicate with other professionals about costing where this situation will reduced the QS time spend in communicating with architects, engineers, contractors and client. By using this building product model, people will get a clearer view in what the QS explained about. Next, with the introduction of BIM, the progress of works in all stages will be reduced. This is due to the sophisticated software where any correction on the drawing will be automatically updated on the building model and there is no need for other profession to revise their works. If any disputes occur, they can just refer to building model to justify or make any amendments. Highlight and discuss the future strategic skills of QS due to the advent of BIM and such like At the end of twentieth century, many challenges had been faced by the profession. With the increased activities associated with the information technology in which removed some of the repetitive tasks related to their work make the profession to develop and utilise their skills more fully. For instance, from solely considering initial costs of construction emphasis which then shifted to identifying and adding value to the development processes. ? The quantity surveyor need to expand their skills, expertise and client based in order to survive. The 21st century quantity surveyor should be a resource primed to add value to the entire development process by the unique menu of skills and competencies. ? The knowledge driven services provide competencies that should encourage â€Å"service mix†. It is like retooling the traditional skills and require expansive of new streams of knowledge to face the challenges. Thus, a quantity surveyor firm should specialize in a selection of the se services which has been organized in cognate clusters. Therefore, they have to differentiate its services portfolio. 1. Financial advisory services | |Investment appraisal | |Financial analysis | |Life cycle costing | |Expenditure statements for taxation and account purposes | |Capital allowance management | 2. Management Advisory Services | |Feasibility studies | |Cost planning / management | |Property management | |Facility management | |Asset management | |Risk management | |Conditions survey | |Value management and analysis | |Replacement cost for insurance purposes | 3. Procurement Management | |Preliminary cost advice | |Estimating, measurement and quantification with the help of BIM | |Advising on contractual methods | |Advising on the contractor’s selection | |Preparing tender documents | |Obtaining or negotiating tender bids | |Valuing construction work | |Preparing and agreeing accounts with contractors | |Cost control and post contract management | |Project management and coordination | |Scheduling and planning | 4. Legal advisory services | |Expert testimony / litigation support | |Arbitration | |Dispute and conflict management (ADR) | |Advice on claims preparation and claim defense | |Contract auditting | The general orientation is that the QS profession has shifted from a mere technical function to a more managerial function within the context of the market place It is rather a deepening of expertise in the core traditional function while adding on other competencies as dictated by the market place. Apart from that, a quantity surveyor should develop inter-personal skills in order to survive in this competitive environment. The traditional professional service posture is sales oriented rather than marketing oriented. We should know that the era when clients consulted the consultants has long disappeared. Nowadays, the consultants are compelled by the market to ‘consult’ potential clients it is like ‘reverse consulting’. Therefore whilst ‘sales orientation’ focuses on ‘selling the professionals’ services to the customer/client, ‘marketing orientation’ develops new services to suit the client’s changing needs. |Selling |Marketing | |a |Emphasis on product |Emphasis on customer/clients wants | |b |Company first makes the product and figures out how |Company first determines what customer/clients wants and make | | |to sell it |product/services to satisfy those wants | |c |Planning is short-run oriented in terms of today’s |Planning is long-run oriented in terms of new products, tomorrows| | |products and markets |market and future growth | The quantity surveyor must now provide clients with strategic advice at a much higher level than previously actions. We must place ourselves higher up in the agenda by providing strategic advice at entire group of people, advising on how best to manage the entire cost and property portfolio. Quantity surveyor is a professional who is able to analyse construction into its cost significant elements and functions, able to translate and extract the key quantity and cost elements of drawings and specifications into contract documents that then enable the delivery of best value for money through an understanding of construction, economics and management’, as opine by Westcott and Burnside (2003). Apart from that, quantity surveyor should set good benchmarks for its current cost levels, set up a source of cost information which keeps pace with the growing industry needs and critically analysis project costs. The quantity surveyor should have communication skills in order to adapt with the fast changing of construction industry. We should be an effective communicator and to get our point across without misunderstanding and confusion. The content of our message should be clear enough for them to understand, concise, accurate, and well-planned communications. Apart from that, the quantity surveyor needs to enhance themselves in information technologies where it is also known as computer skills. It is because BIM only relies on those skills. They should master the basic computer skill as well as the complex computer skills in case they have problem with the software. In this era, those who do not know how to operate the computer device will be left far way behind the successful people. Thus, it is necessary for the quantity surveyor to master the computer skills and vast knowledge in information technologies. REFERENCES †¢ BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING – REPORT MARCH 2011www. thenbs. com/bim TOTAL COST MANAGEMENT AT THE DESIGN STAGE USING A BUILDING PRODUCT MODEL by Wilfred Masuwa Matipa [BSc (Hons), MSc, PGCertTT, MAACE, MCIOB] †¢ BUILDING INFORMATIUON MODELLING AND QUANTITY SURVEYING PRACTICE by O. A. Olatunji, W. Sher and N. Gu Emirates Journal for Engineering Research, 15(1), 67-70(2010) †¢ http://m. building. co. uk/qs/rise-of-the-machines-bim-and-qss/5019945. mobile †¢ http://m. building. co. uk/buildings/project-stage/the-use-of-force-building-information-modelling/5007579. mobile ———————– Construction Industry Professionals Computer Aided Design (CAD) Auto CAD Design Tools Facilitate speed Enhance quality of design Traditional approach To plan manually To design manually To take off manually Building Information Modelling (BIM) Transform 2-dimensional CAD designs Virtual 3-dimensional building model Transform construction industry To computer-based working environment Satisfy client’s requirement 2-dimensional CAD tools Used by designers to Plan Sketch Design The buildings Plan Section Elevation Perspective views of the building Mistakes and discrepancies found If architect want to change the front and back design of the building Need to edit elevation sections of the drawing Need to inform the structural engineer, QS, for amendments BIM Complete virtual building model Formulated by input all design construction information into BIM software Encompass all information of the project Design data Performance data Quantities of material Specification of material Appropriate construction sequence External environment constraints Best construction approach Time line of the project Assist construction professionals from Preliminary stage Operational period of building after completion A change in building model will automatically amend all other related information By entering the command of deleting a section of wall, the design data of wall, windows, and doors will be omitted instantly Change in cost and performance and other aspects of the building will be adjusted accordingly

Historical laws and Security Essay

Historical Laws and Security Checkpoint CJS/250 April 24, 2013 Historical Laws and Security Checkpoint The Babylonian King Hammurabi established the code of Hammurabi. It was established by the king himself in 1750 B.C. and discovered intact in 1901. It contains 282 clauses variety of obligations, professions and rights, as well as retail, slavery, marriage, stealing, and outstanding debts. If any of the clause was to be violated the punishment that would be handed down would be severe (Clifford, 2004). This code is well known for serious punishment. The principles outlined are in the form of Lex talionis, or the law of retaliation to fit the crime (an eye for an eye). The Draco’s code was named for the Greek of Athens citizen where it was written in 621 B.C., the first law written in Greece was very harsh that the word Draconian is used today to describe how severe and unreasonable the law is. Concerns to penalty for any offense that was committed death would be the result. It was very important to introduce the notion to the state, not the private citizens, is responsible for the punishing persons accused of crimes. The Law of The Twelve Tables originally included 10 laws. Written in Rome in 450 B.C. was meant to govern the Romans. It was the foundation of the modern public and private law. They helped organize how crime would be prosecuted publicly and instituted a method whereby the involved parties could look for compensation from their aggressors. It was then the basic rule of Roman law was written and that justice would not be left at the hands of the judge alone to interpret. In 529 A.D., Corpus Juris Civilis or Justinian code was the result of Emperor Justinian’s desire and remembrance for his codification of Roman law  in a series of book (Clifford, 2004). Legal maxims derived from Justinian Code which inspired the modern concept of justice a word that comes from the emperor’s name. The foundation of civil law, one of the two main legal system, the other been English common law was formed by the Roman code that govern modern Western civilization. One of the high point in the middle ages occurred under King John of England, with the creation of the Magna Carta in 1216 which he was forced to sign. This document established the English due process which greatly reduced the king power by making decision in parliament instead on his own. The most important of the Magna Carta’s 61 clauses was the 39th it states no freeman shall be captured or imprisoned except by lawful judgment of his peers or by the law of the land (Clifford, 2004). Within a 70 year span England produced the next significant contribution to the system of law enforcement in developing the Statue of Westminster in 1285. King Edward involved the citizens in crime prevention and apprehension. It established three practical measures focusing on the security of affected citizens, the watch and ward, a hue and cry, and the assize of arms. In our current society, publicly and privately these laws have played a major role today. The legal system which we have in place would be the same, but instead it is different. One of the most important is the Magna Carta, and it can be seen in the United States Constitution and the Bill of Rights, Article 21. Our economy today is drastically changing. With the amount of cutback it would be difficult for our finest to be all over the city to monitor any issues that may occur. With the assistance of the private forces the numbers has double or triple with less authority or priviledge as would an officer. Having both is beneficial to our society and the feel of safety is an encouragement to us all. References Clifford, M (2004) Identifying and exploring security essentials. Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson Prentice Hall.

The Pay Gap between Genders

The Pay Gap between Genders Free Online Research Papers The Pay Gap between Genders Back in 1960s, President Kennedy signed the Equal Pay Act into law, making it illegal to pay men and women employees in the same establishment different wages for substantially equal work. Even though federal laws protect women against discrimination, a pay gap persists. Women earn less than men in general. According to a study, â€Å"women employed full-time earn only 76.6 cents on average for each dollar earned by males by 2003† (Hughes 264). Masculine â€Å"ideal worker† norm lives in most of the high-reward occupations such as engineering and medicines. In contrast, female employees usually take the subordinate roles in the workforce, and these positions usually provide lower salaries. This inequality has been socially constructed, and it is caused by many forces including occupational segregation, â€Å"glass ceiling† and family responsibility. Men and women tend to work in different occupations and wages differ substantially according to the gender composition of the occupation. In order to write this paper, I did a little research at salary.com. The average yearly salary of an engineer in California is about $70,000 comparing to the average salary of a registered nurse is only about $55,000. I also find out that a firefighter earns far more than a high school teacher; a corporate lawyer earns more than a family lawyer. When I mention the terms â€Å"engineers†, â€Å"firefighters†, and â€Å"corporate lawyers†, people will automatically have a male figure in their mind to match up these occupations. This phenomenon is caused by one form of stereotype called occupational segregation in the labor market. In other words, occupational segregation is the concentration of a similar group of people (males, females, whites, blacks, etc) in a particular job. For the same reason, when I mention â€Å"nursesâ⠂¬ , â€Å"school teachers†, and â€Å"family lawyers†, people naturally imagine a female face to match up these occupations since these positions are usually dominated by women. From these finding, I conclude that male dominated occupations usually provide higher pay than female occupied positions. Despite the different distribution of male and female workers in the labor market, a few women change their fates by challenging some careers traditionally dominated by male. They obtain success through market experiences and educations. Nevertheless, there is always a â€Å"glass ceiling† which means a set of invisible barriers that prevent women from further advancing. For example, my aunt’s friend, Nancy, entered a company as an accountant right after she graduated from business school in the University of Los Angeles. Five years later, her working experiences only allowed her to climb up a little higher in the managerial hierarchy with only 15 percent wage rise. It is true that there are many jobs that classified as executive, administrative, and managerial were held by women, but only a very few of these women were at the very top. Their advancement was limited by a set of invisible wall. The absence of women in the top management level is a result of gender discri mination. Even though they had the qualified education level and experience, sadly, they are not able to break through the â€Å"glass ceiling† to reach the uppermost level in institutional hierarchy. Some people argue that women work fewer hours than men because they need more time to take care of their families, especially if the family consists of more than one child. Women who have at least a child are less likely to have a full-time career than those who are childless. This is what happens to my mother. My mother told me that she never worked in a full-time job after she gave born my brother and me. When my brother and I were still infants, she even quitted her job to be full-time taking care of both of us. Many working mothers choose to be part-time workers in order to balance their family responsibilities. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, 29.7 percent of custodial mothers were part-time workers in 2001. With nearly one-third of the mothers bringing in less income, this will explain more about the pay gap between male and female workers. In addition, working mothers are no longer free to take on time-consuming tasks or are less motivated because of their family responsib ilities. Nevertheless, the high-pay positions usually concentrate on the top of management such as board executive in a corporation, and the tasks are always considered time-consuming. Therefore, married women or working mothers are usually excluded from those high-paying jobs. In conclusion, the trend of pay gap between male and female is the result of many forces. Primarily, the occupations that are dominated by male have higher pay than those occupied by female. Secondly, the invisible â€Å"glass ceiling† has become a hand string to women’s success in the top and has kept them away from promotions. Thirdly, the family responsibilities carried by women are much heavier than those carried by men, which have affected women’s status of their work. As a woman myself, I feel this pay gap is a form of gender discrimination and it needs to be changed immediately. We want more women to participate in male-dominated occupations. In order to do so, we need to have more female students to major in areas such as engineering, architecture, and management. We can break through the â€Å"glass ceiling† by the means of educations and practices. I think employers will see our motivations and strengths through hardworking. Moreover, as many goo d quality daycare centers emerge, working mothers can take a break from babysitting so that they can have more time and focus to develop a full time career. To narrow down the pay gap between man and women is going to be time-consuming and challenging since this gap has been socially constructed for hundreds of years; yet, women are commendable to be the victors in this long run. Research Papers on The Pay Gap between GendersResearch Process Part OneInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesHip-Hop is ArtTrailblazing by Eric AndersonComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Fifth HorsemanStandardized Testing

Narrative Essay

Narrative Essay Narrative Essay Narrative Essay Unlike other types of essays, narrative essay gives you an opportunity to express yourself and your thoughts.   While writing an essay, you have to explain how your experiences have helped you in life. Everybody has had significant experience that helped us to understand something about ourselves, others or the world in a whole. Narrative essay writing gives you a chance to inform the reader about these experiences, your thoughts and ideas.   While writing narrative essay, you should think about the moments that are worth to discuss. These moments may be from your childhood. Choose a vivid time from your childhood, for example, how you earned your first money to buy something that you really wanted. You must describe any of the events in such a way that your reader understands why the event was important and memorable to you. While writing an essay, you should include details which make an event more real for the reader.   The reader should sense your emotions and be able to dr aw the picture of your experience. Using quotes is not encouraged.   However, is you use quotes, do not forget to express your own thoughts. College narrative essay should be effective and interesting to read. Narrative Essay Writing Help While writing a narrative essay, remember that there are some rules you should follow. You should write it in a first person. However, if it is necessary you may use third person pronouns. It means if you write about your own story, use 'I' if the story is about events that happened to the person you know, use 'he' or 'she'. The narrative essay must be written logically and lack grammar and style mistakes. While writing a narrative essay, you create a story, i.e. your story must have a plot that describes main characters and setting, climax that tell the reader the peak experience related to your thesis, and the conclusion that contains how the narrative's thesis comes to its full realization. Narrative essay writing requires a chronological development of the events. However, you can break this rule. Develop the main idea of your essay.   This main idea is a thesis of your narrative essay. Remember that supporting examples not only prove your thesis statement but also help the reader to draw a full picture. Essay Writing Service If you are hesitant in your writing skills, you are encouraged to ask professional writers working at our site for assistance.   We are educated and experienced in custom essay writing.   knows how to write a narrative essay which gains the attention from the first lines.   Place an order and improve your grades with our help!

Blue Jean Waste Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Blue Jean Waste - Essay Example Public health should always come first because I believe that this is foremost important for betterment of a society. This personal belief propelled my reaction to the video which called for more stress to be put on social and environmental responsibility on a global level. I believe that the corporations involved in this case like Gap and Levi reacted appropriately to pandemonium created by the responsible plant. Different regulatory measures taken to prevent blue jeans waste from ruining health of local people in the future are reliable. This is because myriad inventive strategies were engineered by those corporations only days after the incident got reported (Macvicar, 2009). The most valuable action in my opinion was formation of a neutral organization to keep a check on performance of garment manufacturers in Lesotho. Such a neutral monitoring organization was bound to make most objective and unbiased observations regarding actions of the factories